Section
Cellular and Molecular Oncology Laboratory
Position
Laboratory Technician
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third leading cause of cancer death in Western countries. Despite improvements in therapeutic regimens and knowledge advancement regarding primary tumors, the mortality rate of CRC cancer remains high due to unavailable treatments that target the metastatic spread. Actually, CRC metastasis is the main cause of cancer-associated deaths.
Thyroid carcinoma is the most frequent type of endocrine cancer with a notable increase in incidence all over the world . Papillary (PTC), follicular (FTC) and anaplastic (UTC) thyroid carcinomas arise from endodermal-derived follicular cells, which represent the most abundant cellular population of the thyroid gland. Characterized by rapid growth, local invasion, regional and distant progression, UTC has the highest aggressive clinical outcome and unfavorable prognosis.
The systemic nature and the resistance capability of disseminated tumor cells to existing therapeutic agents, could explain why 90% of cancer mortalities are attributable to metastases.
Based on these observations, our laboratory is focused on studying the biological program that enables resident Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs) to acquire a number of traits required to accomplish the fundamental steps in initiating the metastatic cascade.
For most cancers, the target cell responsible for transforming mutations is unknown. Considerable evidence states that certain types of leukaemia arise from mutations which accumulate in hematopoietic SCs. This observation mostly reflects the need to better understand the oncogenic events which occur in tissue-resident stem cells in order to explain the transition from non-malignant hyper-proliferative lesion to well established cancers and translate the identified mutations into new therapies. We study the initial events leading to thyroid tumor growth and the tumour-related molecular alterations, which characterize the tumor’s behavior.
CSCs have shown to possess an unlimited proliferative potential. These cells are responsible for the development of the tumor and represent the only cell population able to sustain tumor growth. Metastases spawned by the primary colon cancer is activated following the completion of molecular events attributable to CSCs. The mechanisms underlying colon cancer metastatic events, are far from being completely comprehended and it is still unclear which cell subset is able to migrate, survive and grow at the metastatic site. The inefficacy of conventional therapies in association with the CSC population, might explain cancer chemo-resistance and the high frequency of relapse and progression, shown by the majority of colon cancers. The CSC model suggests that it may be necessary to alter the current paradigm used in drug development. The eradication of cancers may require the targeting and elimination of CSCs, in order to improve therapeutic outcomes for patients that are affected with even the most advanced cancers and to prevent recurrence and metastases.
1998-2000 Grant Telethon: (E.735) “Molecular events controlling the pathogenesis of Hashimoto’s’ Thyroiditis”.
2002-2004 Cofin 2002: University Grant “Progenitori dei Miocardiociti: Meccanismi di differenziamento, modelli sperimentali e prospettive di applicazioni cliniche”. Unit PI
2001-2003 Grant AIRC: “Molecular events controlling cell survival in thyroid cancer.
2003-2005 Ministero della Sanità 1%: “Tumori Tiroidei: Meccanismi Molecolari e Nuove Strategie Terapeutiche”.
2003-2005 Cofin 2003: “NF-kB role in the anti-apoptotic molecules expression mediated by Th2 cytokines”.
2003-2005 National Program on Stem Cells: Role of apoptosis in B-chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) and chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) stem cells.
2004-2006 Grant Ministero della Sanità 1%: “Sviluppo di prodotti biotecnologici per la terapia delle neoplasie ematologiche.
2004-2006 Grant Pfizer: “Statins and apoptosis regulation: effects in auto-immune diseases”.
2004-2005 Grant AIRC: Molecular Events Controlling Cell Survival and Chemotherapy Resistance in Solid Tumors.
2005-2007 Grant Ministero della Sanità 1%: Istiocitosi e Tumori.
2005-2007 Cofin 2005: “Identification of molecules involved in cancer stem cells survival”.
2006-2008 Grant AIRC: Molecular Events Controlling Cell Survival and Chemotherapy Resistance in Solid Tumors and Cancer Stem Cells.
2007-2010 Grant Ministero della Sanità: – Direzione Generale della Ricerca Scientifica e Tecnologica- Programma Straordinario Ricerca Oncologica. “Molecular mechanisms controlling cancer stem cells survival.
2007-2008 Programma Italia-Usa: “Farmacogenomica Oncologia”-Oncoproteomica. “Ruolo delle fosfoproteine nella chemioresistenza delle cellule staminali tumorali di colon e retto con analisi comparativa immunofenotipica”.
2008-2010 Cofin 2007: “Study of molecular mechanisms modulating the metastatic potential in colon tumor initiating cells”
2008-2010 Grant Ministero della Sanità: – Direzione Generale della Ricerca Scientifica e Tecnologica- Programma Ordinario Semplice. Stem Cells in different pathological conditions: innovative therapeutical approaches.
2008-2010 Grant Regionale Siciliano: Breast Cancer Stem Cells: innovative targeted therapies
2010-2012 AIRC: Cancer Stem Cells: new molecular targets involved in tumor metastasis
2010-2012 Programma Italia-Usa: “Dissecting the molecular mechanisms of glioblastoma stem cell contribution to tumor vascularization to design new therapeutic approach for glioblastoma”
2010-2013 FIRB-Futuro in Ricerca: “Ex vivo evaluation of targeted therapies against the tyrosine kinase receptor MET: Identification of genetic and biological determinants for prediction of treatment efficacy
2011-2014 FIRB: “Sviluppo di nuove strategie terapeutiche antitumorali basate su indagini di proteomica delle vie di trasduzione del segnale rilevanti nelle cellule staminali tumorali”
2011-2013 AIRC 5xmille: – Special Program Molecular Clinical Oncology: Development of effective cancer therapy based on functional proteomics and cancer stem cells targeting
2011-2013 PON Ricerca e Competitività 2007-20013/FESR: Fondo Europeo di Sviluppo Generale. Sviluppo di una nuova piattaforma tecnologica per il trattamento non invasivo di patologie oncologiche e infettive basata sull’uso di ultrasuoni focalizzati
2011-2013 PON Ricerca e Competitività 2007-20013/FESR: Fondo Europeo di Sviluppo Generale. Piattaforme tecnologiche innovative per l’ingegneria tissutale
2011-2013 PON Ricerca e Competitività 2007-20013/FESR: Fondo Europeo di Sviluppo Generale. Identificazione di biomarcatori e sviluppo di metodi diagnostici e terapeutici nel campo dell’oncologia e della biologia vascolare
2011-2013 PON Ricerca e Competitività 2007-20013/FESR: Fondo Europeo di Sviluppo Generale. Sviluppo di tecnologie terapeutiche mirate e a ridotti effetti collaterali
2012-2015 FIRB – Accordi di Programma 2011: Sviluppo di nuove strategie terapeutiche antitumorali basate su indagini di proteomica delle vie di trasduzione del segnale rilevanti nelle cellule staminali tumorali
2012-2014 Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro (AIRC): Oncogene-driven transformation: Normal versus Cancer Stem Cells
2012-2015 PON02 Ricerca e Competitività 2007-20013/FESR: Fondo Europeo di Sviluppo Generale. Sviluppo di tecnologie terapeutiche mirate e a ridotti effetti collaterali
1) Oncogene-driven thyroid cells transformation: normal versus cancer stem cells
Stem cells have the ability to preserve themselves through self-renewal as well as the capacity to generate differentiated cells. Being that cancer is considered an unregulated and self-renewing disease, understanding the molecular events controlling this process is fundamental for the identification of those mechanisms that underlie cancer cell proliferation. Although it was postulated that tumors may often originate from stem cell transformation, the target cell of transforming mutations, is still unknown. Nonetheless, stem cells are still the sub population with a high probability of transformation for two reasons: i) susceptibility of already activated self-renewal machinery in gaining a further aberrant activation; ii) opportunity of accumulating mutations in individual stem cells that persist for longer periods of time when compared to most other mature cell types. Therefore, this project proposes to identify the genetic changes which occur in stem cells that leads to their transformation into cancer stem cells (CSCs). We will evaluate the capability of transformed stem cells to strictly regulate self-renewal and create a xenograft tumor, which morphologically and genomically resembles the original patient’s tumor and exhibits individual heterogeneity. The self-renewal mechanism could be even more pronounced in CSCs that have been shown to be particularly clonogenic. Recent evidence hints at the possibility that many pathways, classically associated with cancer, may also regulate normal stem cell development.
2) Cancer Stem Cells: new molecular targets involved in colon cancer metastasis
The insurgence of metastasis accounts for 90% of deaths in patients with colon cancer. Tumor cells responsible for metastasis usually survive in a hostile environment and face potentially lethal conditions. This is a result from the sophisticated mechanisms that regulate homeostasis in humans. In particular, cells able to cause metastases must have an increased proliferating capability, a marked resistance to “harsh” environments (probably correlated with increased niche plasticity), a decreased tendency to apoptosis as well as altered adhesion and mobility properties. All these characteristics are present in tumor stem cells that represent the cell population most likely responsible for metastasis formation. Investigating the processes that lead to metastases and developing strategies able to prevent their formation, are major objectives in oncology.
Although it is clear that larger and more invasive tumors represent a more efficient source of metastatic cells, the cell population able to migrate from the primary site and generate distant metastasis, remains largely unknown. We recently showed that colorectal cancer contains a small variable number of cells that express CD44v6. The latter are uniquely able to generate metastatic tumors in orthotopic xenograft models, 
whereas cells lacking CD44v6 can be tumorigenic, but are unable to produce metastasis or serial xenografting. While MET is widely expressed in CRC cells, CD44v6 is absent but can be induced by HGF, OPN or SDF-1, which are able to turn undifferentiated non-metastatic cells into metastatic ones. The main role played by CD44v6 in CRC spreading was confirmed by analysing two large cohorts of patient tumors. This demonstrated that high expression of CD44v6 is an independent negative prognostic factor in patient survival. Moreover, the targeting of either CD44v6 or MET, prevents migration and neutralizes the metastatic potential of tumorigenic CRC cells and therefore the control of tumor spreading.
– Sensitizing cells for apoptosis by selectively blocking cytokines. US2006257401 – 2006-11-16.
– Method for the purification and amplification of tumoral stem cells. EP1805299 – 2007-07-11.
– Sensitizing cells for apoptosis by selectively blocking cytokines. EP1592449 – 2005-11-09.
– Antibody specific for Human IL-4 for Treatment of Cancer. WO2007107349 – 2007-09-27.
– Differential cytokine expression in human cancer. US2009324616 – 2011-12-29.